Please also read amplitude ratio concept to keep track with this topic.
Think about an extreme case, L speaker normal sound and R speaker no sound, (sound level = 0) of cause the sound image will be at L speaker or vice versa. This means the sound image never goes outside the stage line or it will be limited in between two speakers.
In this case, we have L=1
R=0
Now we modify the formula to:
L’= L-0.3R so that
L’=1-(0.3×0)=1
R’= R-0.3L so that
R’=0-(0.3×1)= -0.3
R has a negative value the signal line swings outside the speaker direction.
See picture 27:
Two channel being added partial inverted phase signal from each other will expand the sound stage. This is the trade secret for audiophile CD music sound image outside the speakers.
If there is a wall ( red line in picture 27), the sound image will be beyond the wall and this is out of common sense coverage as the special effect.
The image expansion formula:
L’=L-PR
R’=R-PL
where P is an expanded coefficient and it should be 0<P<1
for L= 1 ; R= 0 and P=1
then L’=1 ; R’= -1
The signal line will be parallel to stage line and never meets each other and no sound image point.
P must less than 1 in any case. See picture 28:
The above examples are based on two speakers 90 degrees apart, in many cases the living room size does not allow.
How about less than 90 degrees say 60 degrees, known as best sounding speaker angle, is this theory still works fine? The answer is yes, but the calculation of sound image angle is a bit complicated.
Sine law (acoustic stereo) see picture 29:
For amplitude ratio signal L and R Sine law (acoustic stereo):
Where Ψ is the half angle of the speakers apart and φ is the sound image angle apart from CENTER line.
For speaker 60° apart:
Where Ψ=1/2 (speaker angle)=(60°)/2=30°
L and R are amplitude ratio signals (no phase difference)
Let L=R=1
Sin(φ)=0
φ=0°
Sound image at center point c
Let L=1 R=0.5
Sin(φ)=0.5/3 =0.166
φ= +9.6° sound image at point S, left-hand side of center point.
Let L=0.5 R=1
Sin(φ)= -0.166
φ= -9.6° sound image at point S’, right hand side of center point.(negative)
Let L=1 R=0
φ =Ψ =30° sound Image point at L speaker or vice versa.
Compare the results with that of 90° sound system works.
The image expansion:
ie. The sound image position expanded to a larger angle. Two channel being added partial inverted phased signal from each other will expand the sound image from point S to point S’, see picture 30:
Let P=0.2 L=1 and R=0
φ’=50°>30° image outside the speakers see picture 31:
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